Macau and the Casino Complex (Gambling Studies Series)"


Since 1999, the city of 687,000 has transformed from a monopoly-driven gambling enclave into the world’s biggest gaming hub, packed with mainland Chinese tourists. Its GDP per person has more than quadrupled to $68,000, roughly on a par with Denmark and Australia and surpassing Hong Kong’s of about $50,000.


China rules Macau under a “one country, two systems” arrangement similar to its governance of Hong Kong, a former British colony. Macau is the only Chinese city where casino gambling is legal and it has resorts run by affiliates of the American gaming giants MGM Resorts, Las Vegas Sands and Wynn Resorts.

Since Macau opened its casino market following the handover to Beijing, its economy has grown to $46 billion in 2023 from $6.5 billion in 1999, despite economic slumps during the COVID-19 pandemic and a crackdown on the junkets that have facilitated visits by high-roller gamblers from elsewhere.

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Chao’s mother worked at a casino job that brought better pay and a bigger apartment, but also stress and irregular hours. He remembers doing homework at 5 a.m., after her night shift. When he was working as a teacher, his students often went to sleep late or had to rely on paid tutors because their parents also worked casino shifts.

Macau's gaming industry made significant strides in August, with casino revenues hitting MOP$19.8 billion ($2.47 billion), a 14.8% year-on-year increase, according to the Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau. The figures represent a 6.2% rise from July and mark 81.5% of the revenues recorded in August 2019, before the pandemic crippled the global economy.

The surge in gross gaming revenue (GGR) comes as Macau benefits from a combination of favorable factors, including five weekends in August, drawing more visitors to the city’s casinos. Eased travel restrictions and a rebound in tourism also played a pivotal role in the month’s performance.

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Venetian Macau on the night I won money in a Macau Casino!:

The recovery has sparked optimism among investors, with major players in Macau's gaming industry, including Wynn Macau, MGM China, and Sands China, announcing the resumption of dividend payments. The return on dividends, suspended during the height of the pandemic, reflects renewed confidence in the sector’s future profitability.

Casino District at Night in Macau:

Customers leave the Venetian Macao casino in Macau at the end of 2019, just before the Chinese territory was hammered by COVID travel restrictions.

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The Macao SAR announced the results of the bidding on February 8, 2002, and the concession was awarded to Sociedade de Jogos de Macau ("SJM"), a subsidiary of STDM, Galaxy Casino, S.A. ("Galaxy"), and Wynn Resorts (Macao) S.A. ("Wynn"). Concession contracts for the operation of casino games of chance were signed on March 28, April 24, and June 26, respectively. The Macao SAR amended the Galaxy's Concession Contract in December of the same year, allowing Galaxy to have a sub-concession relationship with the Venetians Macao S.A. ("Venetian"). Following the issuance of the first sub-concession, on April 20, 2005, and September 8, 2006, respectively, the SJM and Wynn signed sub-concession agreements with MGM Grand Paradise, S.A. ("MGM") and Melco PBL Jogos (Macau), S.A. ("Melco PBL"). Except for SJM, the other concessionaires and sub-concessionaires all needed time to construct their casinos and other related facilities when the concession winners were announced. They delayed starting their business after receiving the concessions as a result.

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Meanwhile, the six multinational casino companies that dominate the economy agreed to invest billions into Macau as a condition of renewing their operating licences.

Macau, the casino capital of the world, wants to bet on a ..

For decades, Macau has pledged its loyalty to Beijing in exchange for a steady influx of cashed-up gamblers. But the dramatic arrest of a casino owner leaves many wondering what lies in this port city's future.